Weekly Current Affairs Prelims (31st December 2019 to 6th January, 2020)

Weekly Current Affairs Prelims (31st December 2019 to 6th January, 2020)

(Info-graphic Summary at the end)

Topic: General Qassem Soleimani

Topic in Syllabus: International Affairs

Events in Baghdad:

• Gen Soleimani was killed in an airstrike, for which the US later claimed responsibility.
• The blast also killed others including Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis, deputy commander of the Iranian-backed militias in Iraq known as Popular Mobilisation Forces.

About Gen Soleimani:

• Soleimani, 62, was in charge of the Quds Force of Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), which the US designated as a Foreign Terrorist Organization in April last year.
• He looked after intelligence gathering and covert military operations.
• Drew immense influence from his closeness to Iran’s supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei.
• He has been responsible for the creation of an arc of influence — which Iran terms its ‘Axis of Resistance’ — extending from the Gulf of Oman through Iraq, Syria, and Lebanon to the eastern shores of the Mediterranean Sea.

Why killing a big deal:

• Observers have equated his killing with the killing of a United States Vice President.
• He had threatened USA many times. He claimed that they have greater control in asymmetrical warfare in Middle East.
• Cooperation between USA and Soleimani ended in 2002 after President George W Bush branded Iran a nuclear proliferator, an exporter of terrorism, and part of an “Axis of Evil.
• The US was accusing Soleimani of plotting attacks on US soldiers following the 2003 invasion of Iraq, which eventually toppled Saddam Hussein.
• In 2011, the Treasury Department placed him on a sanctions blacklist.
• Soleimani was believed to be the chief strategist behind Iran’s military ventures and influence in Syria, Iraq and throughout the Middle East.
• He was assassinating rivals, arming allies, and, for most of a decade, directing a network of militant groups that killed hundreds of Americans in Iraq

About Quds Force:

• Khomeini had created the prototype in 1979, with the goal of protecting Iran and exporting the Islamic Revolution.
• In 1982, Revolutionary Guard officers were sent to Lebanon to help organise Shia militias in the civil war, which eventually led to the creation of Hezbollah.
• Quds Force has contributed roughly 125,000 men to Iran’s forces and has the capability of undertaking asymmetric warfare and covert operations.

Justification of Killing:

• General Soleimani and his Quds Force were responsible for the deaths of hundreds of American and coalition service members and the wounding of thousands more.
• He had orchestrated attacks on coalition bases in Iraq over the last several months — including the attack on December 27th — culminating in the death and wounding of additional American and Iraqi personnel.
• US had designated the IRGC including the Quds Force as a Foreign Terrorist Organization.
• It uses terrorism as a key tool of statecraft and that the IRGC, part of Iran is official military.
• Its support for terrorism is foundational and institutional, and it has killed US citizens.

Future events:

• The strike has left the Middle East on edge, with possible repercussions beyond the region.
• Revolutionary Guards said anti-US forces would exact revenge across the Muslim world.
• US officials were braced for Iranian retaliatory attacks, possibly including cyberattacks and terrorism, on American interests and allies.
• Israel, too, was preparing for Iranian strikes.
• The killing could have a ripple effect in any number of countries across the Middle East where Iran and the US compete for influence.

 

Sample Question:

Consider the following  about  Iran nuclear deal:

1. It is a nuclear  deal 2015 made by Iran with the US, UK, Russia, China, France and Germany.
2. Tehran agreed to significantly cut its stores of centrifuges, enriched uranium and heavy-water, all key components for nuclear weapons.
3. Iran has completely withdrawn from JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) nuclear deal after the US troops killed General Qassem Soleimani.

Which of the following statements is/are correct?

a) 1 and 2 only

b) 2 and 3only

c)1, 2 and 3

d) None

 

Answer: C

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Topic: Defection – a mere detour?

Topic in Syllabus: Indian Polity

Context:

The Karnataka by-election results have widely put to display the ineffectiveness of the Anti-Defection Law.

Karnataka Event:

• Of the 17 defecting Congress-Janata Dal (Secular) MLAs, 11 were re-elected on a Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) ticket.
• It set a dangerous precedent for neutralising the consequences of the law altogether.
• The 17 rebel MLAs in Karnataka resigned, their act aimed at ending the majority of the ruling coalition and, at the same time, avoiding disqualification.
• The Speaker refused to accept the resignations and declared them disqualified.

Anti-Defection Law:

• It defined three grounds of disqualification of MLAs
• Giving up party membership
• Going against party whip
• Abstaining from voting.
• Tenth Schedule, which is popularly known as the Anti-defection Law, was added to the Constitution through the 52nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1985.
• An independent candidate joins the party after the election.
• A nominated member joins a party six months after becoming an MP/MLA.
• It allowed the formation of a new party or “merger” with other political party if not less than two-thirds of the party’s members commit to it.
• The 91st Amendment also barred the appointment of defectors as Ministers until their disqualification period is over or they are re-elected.

Resignation not a condition:

• Resignation as MLA was not one of the conditions.
• This was possible as the legislation empowers the presiding officer of the House (i.e. the Speaker) to decide on complaints of defection under no time constraint.
• The law originally protected the Speaker’s decision from judicial review.

Kihoto Hollohan Judgement:

• SC upheld the Speaker’s discretionary power, it underscored that the Speaker functioned as a tribunal under the anti-defection law.
• Her/his decisions are subject to judicial review.
• Enabled judiciary to become the watchdog of the anti-defection law.

Balasaheb Patel Judgement:

• Three-judge SC bench upheld the then Karnataka Speaker’s decision of disqualification of the 17 rebel MLAs.
• It struck down his ban on the MLAs from contesting elections till 2023.
• The Supreme Court played the role of a neutral umpire in this political slugfest.

Issues:

Defectors treat disqualification as a mere detour, before they return to the House or government by re-contesting.

Way Forward:

• This can only be stopped by extending the disqualification period from re-contesting.
• Stopping of appointment to Chairmanships/Ministries to at least six years.
• The minimum period limit of six years is needed to ensure that the defectors are not allowed to enter the election fray for least one election cycle.

 

Sample Question:

As per the Anti-Defection Law the final authority to decide on a member\’s disqualification from the House is?

1. Speaker of the House
2. Governor
3. President
4. Council of Ministers

Answer: A

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Topic: Atal Bhujal Yojana (ABY)

Topic in Syllabus: Schemes & Programmes

Context:

Prime Minister Narendra Modi had recently launched Atal Bhujal Yojana (ABY) to promote sustainable management of groundwater resources in India. This scheme was launched on the 95th birth anniversary of former Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee.

What is Atal Bhujal Yojana (ABY)?

• Atal Bhujal Yojana or Atal Jal is a world bank funded central scheme that aims to improve the groundwater management at the national level.
• The World Bank Board approved it in June 2018.
• The idea to address the country’s depleting groundwater resources came up in 2015.
• The government announced its intention in the 2016-17 Budget with an estimated cost of about Rs.6,000 crore.

How scarce is water in India?

• India holds 2.5% of the global area and is the home to 16% of the global population. Yet, it has access to just 4% of the global water resources.
• According to the Central Water Commission (CWC), it is estimated that India’s water resource potential, which occurs as natural runoff in the rivers, is 1,999 billion cubic metres.
• Of this, the estimated utilisable resources are 1,122 billion cubic metres per annum 690 billion cubic metre per year surface water and 432 billion cubic metres per year replenishable groundwater.
• With the increasing population, the demand for water will increase exponentially in the coming years.
• According to the CWC, the per capita availability of water in the country will decrease from 1,434 cubic metres in 2025 to 1,219 cubic metres in 2050.
• According to the CWC, a water-stressed condition occurs when the per capita availability is less than 1,700 cubic metres and a water scarcity condition occurs when the per capita availability is less than 1,000 cubic metres.
• Some river basins within India are currently facing water scarcity. These include the Indus, Krishna, Cauvery, Subarnarekha, Pennar, Mahi, Sabarmati and east-flowing rivers and west-flowing rivers of Kutch and Saurashtra including Luni.

What is the situation of groundwater in India?

• As per the report published by the CWC called the Water and Related Statistics 2019, in 2017, India’s annual replenishable groundwater resources are 432 BCM.
• Of the 432 BCM replenishable groundwater, 393 BCM is the annual extractable groundwater availability.
• Fifteen states account for about 90% of the groundwater potential in the country.
• Uttar Pradesh accounts for 16.2%, followed by Madhya Pradesh (8.4%), Maharashtra (7.3%), Bihar (7.3%), West Bengal (6.8%), Assam (6.6%), Punjab (5.5%) and Gujarat (5.2%).
• The current annual groundwater extraction is 249 BCM, mostly used for irrigation purposes.
• This is the reason behind the government’s calls for alternatives to water-intensive crops like paddy and sugarcane.
• During pre-monsoon of 2017, when compared with the decadal average for 2009-18, there has been a decline in the groundwater level in 61% of the wells monitored by the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB).
• Among the states where at least 100 wells were monitored, the highest depletion was seen in Karnataka (80%), Maharashtra (75%), Uttar Pradesh (73%), Andhra Pradesh (73%) and Punjab (69%).

What does CGWB do?

The Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) observes the water levels and quality via a network of 23,196 National Hydrograph Monitoring Stations (6,503 dug wells and 16,693 piezometers). Piezometers are devices used to measure the pressure or depth of the groundwater. 

• CGWB monitors in January-March-May and November each year.
• The Board has classified the nation’s assessment units (blocks, taluks, mandals etc.) into safe, semi-critical and over-exploited in terms of groundwater resources.
• The number of over-exploited units has increased from 839 units in 2004 to 1,186 in 2017.
• In the north, more than 60% of the assessment units in Delhi, Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan are either over-exploited or critical.
• During the Monsoon Session of the Parliament, the Jal Shakti Ministry has stated that as of 2017, 14% of the country’s assessed units are semi-critical, 5% are critical and 17% are over-exploited.

How is Atal Bhujal Yojana going to address this situation?

Initially, the Atal Bhujal Yojana will be implemented in seven states (Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh) over five years (2020-21 to 2024-25). 

• This initiative is expected to benefit about 8,350-gram panchayats in 78 districts.
• If successful, the initiative may be extended to other parts of the country.
• The focus of the ABY will on reducing the rate of declining groundwater levels as well as water consumption.
• It will also aim to enhance the institutional framework and ensure behavioural change at the community level for sustainable groundwater resource management.
• It also envisages community-led Water Security Plans.
• This scheme is the updated and modified version of the Groundwater Management and Resource Regulation scheme of 2013 that aimed to manage the nation’s groundwater resources.
• The new scheme includes concepts like Water User Associations and Water Budgeting.
• The districts and panchayats that perform well will be given more funds.

Who is going to pay for this scheme?

• 50% of the Rs.6,000 crore will be contributed by the World Bank as a loan and the rest of the 50% will be given by the Central Government in the form of central assistance. The Centre will repay the loan borrowed from the World Bank.
• All of the funding from the World Bank and the Centre will be given to the states as grants.

What are the expected results and impacts of this scheme?

Expected Results:

• Institutional strengthening to improve groundwater monitoring networks.
• Capacity improvement of the stakeholders at all levels to enhance groundwater data storage, exchange, analysis and dissemination.
• Improved and realistic water budgeting based on an improved database and community-led Water Security Plans at the Panchayat level.
• Implementation of Water Security Plans through the convergence of all the Central government and state governments on-going and new schemes to ensure judicious and effective utilization of funds for sustainable groundwater management.
• Efficient use of available groundwater resources with an emphasis on the aim to reduce the demand through micro-irrigation, crop diversification, electricity feeder separation etc.

Expected impacts:

• Doubling of the farmers income
• Source sustainability for Jal Jeevan mission in the project area with active community participation;
• Participatory groundwater management;
• Improved efficiency of the use of groundwater on a mass scale;
• Improved cropping patterns;
• Behavioural change at the community level that will ensure efficient and judicial use of the groundwater.

Conclusion

The groundwater is the major source of drinking water in both urban and rural India. Its depletion may worsen the water scarcity situation in the future. Thus, viable use of groundwater will ensure sustainable and inclusive growth for all.

 

Sample Question:

Consider the following  about Atal Bhujal Yojana:

1. It is a Rs.6000 crore World Bank approved Central Sector Scheme of the Ministry of Jal Shakti.
2. The funding pattern is 50:50 between Government of India and World Bank.
3. Aims to improve ground water management in priority areas in the country through community participation.

Which of the following statements is/are correct?

a) 1 and 2 only

b) 2 and 3only

c)1, 2 and 3

d) None

 

Answer: C

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Topic: ISRO’s Space Explorations

Topic in Syllabus:  Science & Technology

Context:

According to the ISRO’s chief K Sivan, the Four men from the Indian Air Force have been selected to undergo training for India’s first human spaceflight mission ‘Gaganyan’.

• He declared 2020 as the year of Gaganyaan and Chandrayaan-3.

Missions in brief:

Gaganyan:

• Gaganyan will be India’s first manned space mission with an estimated buget of ₹10,000-crore.
• India is planning to send three to seven humans (Gaganyatris) into space i.e. in the low earth orbit (LEO) by 2022 for a period of five to seven days.
• The crewed vehicle is planned to be launched on ISRO’s GSLV Mk III.
• The astronauts will conduct experiments on microgravity in space.
• India will be fourth nation in the world after USA, Russia and China to launch human spaceflight mission.

Chandrayaan:

• The Chandrayaan mission was launched in October 2008 and actively operated until August 2009.
• The mission included a lunar orbiter and an impactor.
• It was launched using the PSLV-XL rocket from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre located in Sriharikota.

Chandrayaan 2:

• Chandrayaan 2 mission was a ₹1000-crore ambitious mission of NASA to explore the South Pole of Moon.
• It was launched on 22 July 2019 and was expected to have soft landing on the moon on Sep 7, 2019.
• It suffered partial failure after its communication was lost with mission’s lander (Vikram) and rover (Pragyan) due to hard landing over the surface of moon.
• The South Pole region of Moon is still unexplored, has craters that are cold traps and contain a fossil record of the early Solar System.

Chandrayaan 3:

• It extends the mission of NASA to explore the South Pole of Moon after Chandrayaan 2.
• The launch of the nearly ₹600-crore Chandrayaan-3 is targeted for the end of 2020 or early 2021.
• Chandrayaan 3 will have lander and rover and will not feature an orbiter of its own.

ISRO’s second launch port:

The Tamil Nadu government has started acquiring 2,300 acres of land in Thoothukudi district for ISRO’s second launch port.

 

Sample Question:

Consider the following statements:

1. Thoothukudi is planned to be India’s second launchpad after Sriharikota.
2. Gaganyaan  is the first human space flight planned to be launched in 2021. 

Which of the following statements is/are correct?

a) 1 only

b) 2 only

c) both 1 and 2

d) Neither 1 nor 2

 

Answer: A

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Topic: Rs.102-lakh-crore Infrastructure Plan

Topic in Syllabus: Indian Economy

Context:

Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman recently unveiled a plan to push the infrastructure investment adding up to Rs.102 lakh crore over the next 5 years.

What is NIP?

• Projects in energy, roads, railways and urban infrastructure under the National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP) have been identified by a task force.
• About 42% of such identified projects are already under implementation, 19% are under development and 31% are at the conceptual stage.
• The NIP task force appears to have gone project-by-project, assessing each for viability and relevance in consultation with the States.
• Considering that the NIP will be like a window to the future, a constant review becomes paramount if this is not to degenerate into a mere collation and listing of projects.

Why this push is a welcomed step?

• The government’s push on infrastructure development will enable ease of living, create jobs and increase demand for primary commodities such as cement and steel.
• From this perspective, this push to invest in infrastructure is welcome.
• Identifying the projects to be put on the pipeline is the easy part.
• Implementing and commissioning them will be the more difficult one.
• What are the hurdles that the NIP task force needs to watch out for?
• Financial position – The financing plan assumes that the Centre and the States will fund 39% each while the private sector will chip in with 22% of the outlay.
• Going by the present fiscal situation, it will be a challenge for the Centre to raise Rs.39 lakh crore, even if it is over the next 5 years.
• The financial position of States is even more perilous.

Steep private investment – The Rs.22 lakh crore expected from private investment also looks steep considering the lack of appetite for fresh investment by the private sector in the last few years.

Given the scale of investment, debt will play an important role and it remains to be seen if banks have gotten over their apprehensions on infrastructure financing as a major part of their bad loans originated there.

States’ cooperation – The cooperation from States becomes very important in implementing infrastructure projects.

The experience on this count has not been very happy till now.

What could be done?

• These are genuine obstacles that the task force needs to manage.
• These should not detract from the need for a concerted effort to invest in infrastructure.
• The key will be following up and reviewing the pipeline at regular intervals.

 

Sample Question:

Consider the following statements about National Infrastructure Pipeline:

1. 1. National Infrastructure Pipeline will ensure that infrastructure projects are adequately prepared and launched.
   2. Regulation and monitoring will be under the sole prerogative of Ministry of Finance
   3. Central government and state governments have an equal share of 50% each in the NIP

Which of the given above statements is/are correct?

•  (a) 1 only
•  (b) 1 and 2
•  (c) 1, 2 and 3
•  (d) 2 and 3

 

Answer: A

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Topic: Bhima-Koregaon village prepares for historic day

Topic in Syllabus: Indian History

Context:

The people of Maharashtra is gearing up to celebrate the 202nd Anniversary of Bhima-Koregaon War.

Facts:

About Bhima-Koregaon War:

• Bhima Koregaon is a small village in Pune district of Maharashtra.In 1818,a battle was fought here between the forces of the Peshwa and the British.
• The British army comprised primarily of Dalit soldiers.They had joined the British army after Peshwa Bajirao II had insulted the Mahar community and terminated them from the service of his army.
• On the other hand,the Peshwa army was led by the Peshwa Bajirao II which had an upper caste domination.
• The Dalit-dominated British troops defeated the Peshwa army.The victory was seen as a win against caste-based discrimination and oppression.

Significance of Bhima-Koregaon:

• The victory has come to be seen as a symbol of Dalit pride because a large number of soldiers in the Company force were the Mahar Dalits.
• Babasaheb Ambedkar had also visited the site in 1927 to revitalise the memory of the battle for the Dalit community making it a rallying point and an assertion of pride.

 

Sample Question:

Consider the following statements:

1. Battle of Koregaon was fought in 1818 between the mahar community and the Peshwa Baji Rao I of the Mogul Confederacy.
2. Battle of Koregaon was part of the Third Anglo Maratha war.

Which of the given above statements is/are correct?

 (a) 1 only

 (b) 2 only

 (c) Both 1 and 2

 (d) Neither 1 nor 2

 

Answer: B

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Topic: Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana

Topic in Syllabus: Indian Society

Context:

The right to adequate housing is recognised as a basic human right by the United Nations and its constituent bodies. Although India is a signatory to many international covenants in this regard, but the realisation of the right to adequate housing to all has remained an elusive dream.

Background:

Major neglect of adequate housing is more prominent in rural areas, where not only the physical infrastructure but also social infrastructure such as education and health have remained ignored.

Article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that “Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services”.

Right of Life under Article 21 of the Indian constitution also encompasses the right to shelter.

Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana:

Though Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana has been launched in pursuance of providing adequate housing, however, interventions like these have hardly worked in minimising urban-rural divides. 

This can be depicted by:

• The incidence of housing-related poverty is in the order of 25.85 million (82% in rural areas and 18% in urban).
• Menial occupation workers and low-income earners have been facing these forms of poverty the most.
• Dilapidated units have contributed towards a high level of housing amenities deprivation, especially because such housing units cannot safely be connected with electricity or solar energy, latrines, and drinking water, owing to associated structural risks.
• This scenario has resulted in multiple deprivations of 45% of rural families without electricity, biogas and LPG; over 69% without household latrines; and over 82% of families without treated water for drinking at household levels.
• Due to this, there have been higher rates of internal migration both due to dissatisfaction with housing arrangements and the prospect of better housing elsewhere.

Reasons for housing poverty in rural areas

• Shortages in the supply of housing and a lack of policy redevelopment of collapsible or dilapidated units, millions of Indians dwell in unsecured housing.
• Lack of public funds during the early planning era has compelled the policymakers to adopt the overarching philosophy of the growth pole theory, with the hope that the benefit of the urban-centric development will percolate into rural hinterland progressively.
• Due to poverty and lack of access to any formal sources of finance, the rural poor are rendered incapable of constructing safe, sustainable and livable houses.
• Housing in rural areas is one sector that has consistently suffered from the lack of meaningful market interventions, including the supply of developed land and financing for housing.
• Amidst the whole rural housing crisis, the ones who have been hit the most are the marginalized sections such as the SCs and STs who are at a clear disadvantage in terms of housing conditions and amenities when compared to other social categories.

Way Forward

• If India is to have a real chance to minimise the housing development divide, it requires an integrated housing development strategy for the rural areas. This has to be implemented in “mission mode”.
• There must be accountability in terms of implementing such a mission agenda on a continuous basis, with social audits at multiple levels of governance.
• Realistic resource allocation is required given the cost of redevelopment and new housing units besides other development costs of drinking water supply, household latrines, energy, and drainage connectivity.
• Penetration of the market,including the cooperative sector for the supply of critical inputs such as land and finances, is the need of the hour.
• Public-private-partnership projects should be encouraged on public or government-owned lands, with fiscal and other incentives. Landowners should be encouraged to develop incentive-based affordable housing projects.

Conclusion:

Former President APJ Abdul Kalam had proposed the concept of Provision of Urban Amenities to Rural Areas (PURA) whose objective goes beyond the mere creation of economic infrastructure and employment opportunities in rural areas. To further this paradigm, access to good housing, including housing amenities, should become a priority.

Sample Question:

With reference to Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana-Urban (PMAY(U)), consider the following statements:

1. All the component of PMAY(U)) is implemented as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme.
2. Only people falling in Economically Weaker Section (EWS) and Light Income Group (LIG) are eligible under this scheme.
3. Uttar Pradesh has highest amount of projects sanctioned under PMAY(U).

Which of the above statements is/are INCORRECT?        

 a) 1 only

 b) 1 and 2 only

 c) 3 only

 d) 1, 2 and 3

 

Answer: B

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Topic: Australian Fires

Topic in Syllabus: Ecology & Environment

Context:

So far at least 17 people have died in blazes that have swept the country, more than 1,200 homes have been destroyed and 5.5 million hectares (13.5 million acres) of land has been burnt.

Cause:

• Australia’s deadly fires have been fuelled by a combination of extreme heat, prolonged drought and strong winds.
• The country is in the grip of a heatwave, with record-breaking temperatures over the last three months. In mid-December the nation saw the hottest day in history – the average temperature was 41.9 degrees Celsius.
• REASONS All this follows the country’s driest spring since records began 120 years ago, with much of New South Wales and Queensland experiencing rainfall shortfalls since early 2017. Trees, shrubs and grasslands have turned into the perfect tinder for flames.

Australia Summer:

• The Earth’s axis is tilted by about 23 degrees. Like a gyroscope, the angle and direction of tilt stays the same while the Earth orbits the sun.
• On one side of the orbit, the northern hemisphere is angled towards the sun, while the southern hemisphere is angled away. On the opposite side of the orbit, the reverse is true – north away, south towards.
• The leader of Australia’s eastern New South Wales state has declared a week-long state of emergency in response to the escalating bushfire threat. PM Scott Morrison had to cut short a visit to one fire-hit town after being heckled by angry residents.

Conclusion:

Rain has fallen in fire-ravaged parts of Australia and temperatures have dropped – but officials have warned that blazes will “take off” again.

Sample Question:

In the context of mitigating the impending global warming due to anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide, which of the following can be potential sites for carbon sequestration?

1. Abandoned and uneconomic coal seams
2. Depleted oil and gas reservoirs
3. Subterranean deep saline formations

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

a)      1 and 2 only

b)      3 only

c)      1 and 3 only

d)     1, 2 and 3

 

Answer: D

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